Canadian history timeline
Canadian history timeline
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Canadian history timeline
BRIEF CANADIAN HISTORY TIMELINE
by Maja Hadzic
1535: Jacques Cartier Explores the St. Lawrence River
French explorer Jacques Cartier makes three voyages to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and travels the Saint Lawrence River. He founds a French presence in the New World by reaching present-day Montréal, and establishing a colony in Québec.
1604: Settlers Found French Colonies in Canada
Fishing attracts French settlers to Nova Scotia, where they establish colonies. The booming fur trade draws settlers to the St. Lawrence River and down the Mississippi River Valley. Colonists of New France practice feudal farming and Roman Catholicism.
1627: French Attempt to Colonize North America
France gives a monopoly in its North American region to the Company of One Hundred Associates in exchange for the promotion and management of French settlement. The Company promises to bring in 200 to 300 immigrants each year.
1645 – 1700: Beaver Wars
Use of firearms escalates the fatalities of warfare as members of the Iroquois Confederacy battle the French-Huron alliance for control of the beaver trade. The wars engulf Eastern Canada and the Great Lakes, and the Iroquois are victorious.
1670: Charles II Charters Hudson's Bay Company
English king Charles II grants a monopoly charter to facilitate the colonization of Rupert's Land. Hudson's Bay Company dominates most of present-day western Canada and merges with the North West Company in 1821 due to increased fur-trade competition.
1759: British Capture Québec
James Wolfe leads the British Army in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. The British take Québec from France for the last time. France also loses Fort Niagara that same year. By 1760 Britain controls all of Canada.
1774: Quebec Act
British conquest of New France in 1760 presents England with the challenge of governing a French and Catholic population while promoting British settlement in Canada. The Quebec Act of 1774 accommodates the Roman Catholic Church and French civil law, and it leaves government in the hands of the Governor and his Council, avoiding the political hazards of creating an assembly.
1780?: Quakers Build Underground Railroad
Among the first American groups to oppose slavery, the Society of Friends (Quakers), with the help of free blacks, secretly builds a network of contacts and safe houses throughout the United States. The network illegally helps fleeing slaves to elude capture and to travel to free states in the North or to Canada. By the 1830s the network gains prominence, aiding hundreds of African Americans in their flight to freedom, and drawing attention to the evils of slavery.
June 18, 1812 - December 24, 1814: War of 1812
The United States encounters trade restrictions when Britain and France go to war. Americans also sense an opportunity to expand if they challenge Britain for control of Canada. Congress supports President James Madison's declaration of war, but the superiority of the British Navy forces the Americans to negotiate the Treaty of Ghent, fixing the U.S.-Canadian border at the 49th parallel.
1820? – 1913: Emancipator and Civil War Hero Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman, an escaped slave, works as a 'conductor' on the Underground Railroad that leads slaves to their freedom in the decade before the American Civil War (1861-1865). Called Moses by the black community, she makes 19 journeys to the South to help about 300 slaves reach freedom. During the Civil War, Tubman serves in the Union Army as a scout, spy, and nurse and is given official commendation for her efforts. Until her death, she works to improve the living conditions of former slaves and actively supports the women’s suffrage movement.
1840: Act of Union in Canada
Following the Rebellions of 1837, Upper and Lower Canada join to form the Province of Canada. They share one legislature with the goal of becoming a self-governing colony. The Union encourages Canada to develop responsible government, in which the executive must respond to elected representatives.
1867: Dominion of Canada Established
Legislative union in Canada reaches deadlock, while Canada feels increasingly threatened by its competition with the United States for land and resources. After three years of negotiations among colonial politicians, the British Parliament passes the British North America Act to unite Upper and Lower Canada and the colonies into a single federal government.
1881 – 1885: Canadian Pacific Railway Built
The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) connects Montréal, Québec, to Vancouver, British Columbia, on the Pacific coast. This rail line was spawned by the Canadian Parliament’s pledge to British Columbia, on entry to the Dominion of Canada in 1871, to provide a rail link to the eastern provinces. Most construction on the 4,700-km (2,900-mi) rail line across North America was completed between 1881 and 1885. The new railway standardizes timekeeping, expands the economy, and accelerates population growth in the western provinces.
1945: Chalk River Reactor Begins Operation
A nuclear reactor using natural uranium and heavy water, which functions as both coolant and moderator (a material that slows down the fission process), begins operating at Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.
November 15, 1948: Canadian Prime Minister King Retires
His health failing, William Lyon Mackenzie King, leader of the Liberal Party from 1919 to 1948, resigns as prime minister of Canada. King held the position of prime minister longer than anyone else in the history of the British Commonwealth. During his tenure, King helped Canada become active in world affairs. Domestically, his foremost accomplishment was maintaining unity between Canada’s French- and English-speaking populations.
May 20, 1980: Québec Sovereignty Referendum Fails
Québec premier René Lévesque leads a Parti Québécois referendum on sovereignty rights for Québec, a province dominated by French-speaking Canadians. Sixty percent of Quebec residents vote down the measure.
1993: NAFTA
Despite opposition from unions and conservative nationalists, the United States Congress ratifies the North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico. Detractors fear that manufacturing industries will move to countries with low labor costs, while supporters argue that increased trade will benefit everyone.
October 30, 1995: Québec Holds Second Sovereignty Referendum
With support from Lucien Bouchard’s Bloc Québécois party in the Canadian parliament, the provincial Parti Québécois, under Jacques Parizeau, holds another sovereignty referendum in Québec. Unlike the 1980 referendum, which was solidly defeated, the measure almost passes, garnering 49.4 percent of the province’s votes. The narrow loss bolsters the hopes of French Canadian nationalists.
April 01, 1999: Canada Creates Nunavut
Nunavut, “Our Land” in the Inuit language, becomes Canada’s newest territory. Previously part of the Northwest Territories, Nunavut encompasses about 2 million sq km (about 772,000 sq mi). It is in effect a homeland for the Inuit, the original inhabitants of the region.
Maja Hadžić graduated from the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philology, the department of the English language and literature. She has been teaching English mostly to young learners and teenagers since 2000. She is a Newsletter/MELT editor, and contributes to various ELT sites. She especially enjoys doing project work with her students.
Source : http://www.britishcouncil.org/4_-2_brief_canadian_history_timeline.doc
Web site link: http://www.britishcouncil.org/
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Author : Maja Hadzic
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Canadian history timeline
Canadian history timeline
Canadian history timeline
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